One common approach health and social services providers use to share SDOH information is a “homegrown” community information exchange (CIE). CIEs tend to serve smaller geographic areas (e.g., states, cities, small regions), and are often comprised of multidisciplinary network partners that share technical standards to support exchange, a resource database, and an integrated technology referral platform. Care planning tools enable partners to integrate data from multiple sources and make bi-directional referrals to create a shared longitudinal record. For example, in 2011, San Diego 2-1-1 created the San Diego CIE, which unites 9 different data systems in health and social services, behavioral health, and probation, and connects 34 CBOs. It uses Salesforce software with data management middleware to offering a communication feed with care team alerts, program enrollment, and shared goals; a resource database; and bidirectional information sharing
